Language and Gender Definitions and Discussions

Language and gender is an interdisciplinary field of research that studies varieties of speech (and, to a lesser extent, writing) in terms of gender, gender relations, gendered practices, and sexuality. In The Handbook of Language and Gender (2003), Janet Holmes and Miriam Meyerhoff discuss the shift that has occurred in the field since the early 1970s--a movement away from essentialist and dichotomous conceptions of gender to a differentiated, contextualized, and performative model which questions generalized claims about gender. What Are Language and Gender Studies? Regarding gender, extensive research on language, culture, and identity has sought to uncover the logic of the encoding of sex differences in languages, to analyze the oppressive implications of ordinary speech, to explain miscommunication between men and women, to explore how gender is constructed and interacts with other identities, and to investigate the role of language in helping establish gender identity [as] part of a broader range of processes through which membership in particular groups is activated, imposed, and sometimes contested through the use of linguistic forms . . . that activate stances ([Alessandro] Duranti 2009: 30-31). Other work explores how language is used to reproduce, naturalize, and contest gender ideologies, drawing from many disciplinary perspectives . . .. Critical discourse, narrative, metaphor, and rhetorical analysis have been used to examine other gendered dimensions of processes of meaning making, such as gender bias in cell biology (Beldecos et al . 1988) and factory farm industry language used to conceal violence (Glenn 2004).(Christine Mallinson and Tyler Kendall, Interdisciplinary Approaches. The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013) Doing Gender We act out gender roles from a continuum of masculine and feminine characteristics; we are therefore gendered and we are involved in the process of our own gendering and the gendering of others throughout our lives. In the field of  gender and language use, this performance of gender is referred to as doing gender. In many ways we are rehearsed into our gender roles, like being prepared for a part in a play: gender is something we do, not something we are (Bergvall, 1999; Butler, 1990). Over our lives and particularly in our early formative years, we are conditioned, prompted and prodded to behave in acceptable ways so that our gender, and our communitys acceptance of it, aligns with our ascribed sex. [S]ome scholars in the field question the distinction that sex is a biological property and gender is a cultural construct, and both terms continue to be contested . . ..(Allyson Julà ©, A Beginners Guide to Language and Gender. Multilingual Matters, 2008) The Dangers of Abstraction Our diagnosis is that gender and language studies suffer from the same problem as that confronting sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics more generally: too much abstraction. Abstracting gender and language from the social practices that produce their particular forms in given communities often obscures and sometimes distorts the ways they connect and how those connections are implicated in power relations, in social conflict, in the production and reproduction of values and plans. Too much abstraction is often symptomatic of too little theorizing: abstraction should not substitute for theorizing but be informed by and responsive to it. Theoretical insight into how language and gender interact requires a close look at social practices in which they are jointly produced. (Sally McConnell-Ginet, Gender, Sexuality, and Meaning: Linguistic Practice and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2011) Background and Evolution of Language and Gender Studies In the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s, women began to examine and critique societal practices that supported gender discrimination in consciousness-raising groups, in feminist cells, in rallies and media events (see [Alice] Echols, 1989, for a history of the womens movement in the United States). In the academy, women and a few sympathetic men started to examine the practices and methods of their disciplines, subjecting them to similar critiques for similar ends: the elimination of societal inequities based upon gender. The study of language and gender was initiated in 1975 by three books, the latter two of which have continued to significantly influence sociolinguistic work: Male/Female Language (Mary Ritchie Key), Language and Womens Place (Robin Lakoff), and Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance (Barrie Thorne and Nancy Hedley, Eds.). . . . Overly dichotomous ideas of gender pervade Western society in ways that must be challenged. Because, however, it is important that challenging exaggerated notions of difference does not simply result in women assimilating to male, or mainstream, norms, feminist scholars must simultaneously document and describe the value of attitudes and behaviors long considered feminine. In doing so, feminist scholars challenge their exclusive association with women and point out their value for all people.(Rebecca Freeman and Bonnie McElhinny, Language and Gender. Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, ed. by Sandra Lee McKay and Nacy H. Hornberger. Cambridge University Press, 1996)In the first phase of language/gender research, Many of us were eager to piece together an overall portrayal of differences in the speech of women and men. We invented notions like genderlect to provide overall characterizations of sex differences in speech (Kramer, 1974b; Thorne and Henley, 1975). The genderlect portrayal now seems too abstract and overdrawn, implying that there are differences in the basic codes used by women and men, rather than variably occurring differences, and similarities.(Barrie Thorne, Cheris Kramarae, and Nancy Henley, 1983; quoted by Mary Crawford in Talking Difference: On Gender and Language. SAGE, 1995)Interactional sociolinguistics [IS] serves as one of many theoretical orientations that have been drawn on to investigate gender and communication. The pioneering study of Maltz and Borker (1982) provided a starting point for [Deborah] Tannens (1990, 1994, 1996, 1999) writing on language and gender in which Tannen investigates interactions between women and men as a kind of cross-cultural communication and firmly establishes IS as a useful approach to gendered interaction. Her general audience book You Just Dont Understand (Tannen, 1990) offers insights into everyday communication rituals of speakers of both genders. Much like Lakoffs (1975) Language and Womens Place, Tannens work has fueled both academic and popular interest in the topic. In fact, language and gender research exp loded in the 1990s and continues to be a topic receiving a great deal of attention from researchers using various theoretical and methodological perspectives (Kendall and Tannen, 2001).(Cynthia Gordon, Gumperz and Interactional Sociolinguistics. The SAGE Handbook of Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ruth Wodak, Barbara Johnstone, and Paul Kerswill. SAGE, 2011)Language and gender studies have seen significant expansion to encompass sexual orientation, ethnicity and multilingualism, and, to some extent, class, involving analyses of spoken, written, and signed gendered identities.(Mary Talbot, Language and Gender, 2nd ed. Polity Press, 2010)

Selecting a Locale for Global Outsourcing - 1087 Words

Selecting a Locale for Global Outsourcing Introduction: The process of globalization is changing the way that companies large and small must conduct business to survive. From external factors such as the international laws and widely varying domestic tax policies to internal changes to personnel or process, free trade policies are altering operational strategy, especially for small companies engaging in growth. One of the most determinant changes brought on by free trade and its gradual permeation of the developing world is the appeal of global outsourcing or off-shoring for growing American businesses. Outsourcing is the practice by which companies will employ agencies external to the company, and increasingly external even to the primary country of operation, in order to attain specialty services at a fee-per-service basis. Also important to the discussion, the concept of off-shoring will find a company expanding into a new international location by establishing a satellite base of operations within. Each strategy carries its own unique set of challenges and advantages. Part of our task as a growing company verging on its first venture of internationalization is to determine what balance of these strategies might best serve our interests. Factors in a Global Context: There are many global factors to consider that have been emergent with the spread of globalization. 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Visit to Miss Haveshams Essay Example For Students

Visit to Miss Haveshams Essay Pip sees no wrong in lying to his sister nor Mr Pumblechook, towards Joe and Joe only, I considered myself a young monster, Showing the only person he considers himself bad towards is Joe. Pip only seeks Joes approval , you are not angry with me Joe?  Pip confides in Joe, I should like to tell you something, only Joe is worthy of Pips attention. He tells Joe with such ease, Its a terrible thing Joe, it aint true. Its lies Joe therefore Joe is the only one to know the truth. After recalling the visit in his young now bewildered and baffled mind, Pip proceeds to blame Joe. But I wished you hadnt taught me to call Knaves at cards, Jacks, and I wish my boots werent so thick nor my hands so coarse. The quotation demonstrates Pip sees himself wrong in Estellas eyes. Dickens uses wish and wished, to great effect, as these show Pips new found wants and desires, pip no longer sees his life as consolable. In reality this is just a socially discriminate term, comparing Pips pronunciation to be   Jacks, where as Estella calls them Knaves, this to Pip appears right.  Pip is emotionally distraught by the visit, he tells Joe: I felt very miserable. Showing his clear self-esteem and emotional demoralisation. Pip realises and evaluates Estellas scornful remarks of him, she said I was common, and that I knew I was common.  An excellent example of the change in Pip is when he sums up his day, that was a memorable day for me, for it made great changes in me. Pip himself realises the changes that have occurred within him. Pip has changed enormously, his feelings about his life, his future, his appearance and home life have been turned upside down. Pip is no longer happy, it is a most miserable thing to feel ashamed of home.  Pip relates everything to Miss Havesham and Estella, Now it was all coarse and common, and I would not have had Miss Havesham and Estella see it on my account. Showing his shear embarrassment at the thought of them seeing, the state of his life.  Prior to his visit to Miss Haveshams his only consolation was Joe , Joe had sanctified it and I believed in it, Pip has realised that there is more than the forge and Joe in the world, this is his reasoning for wanting more: as he knows there is more. The change in Pips life brings about him feeling that his life is boring, dull and non- prosperous, my life lay stretched out straight before me through the newly entered road of apprenticeship to Joe. The metaphor of the journey, implies no variation to his dull routine. The only consolation for Pip is plain contented Joe, showing he is pleased Joe hasnt realised the full extent of Pips worries about his future, Pip hides his unhappiness, purely for Joe. Before meeting Miss Havesham and Estella, Pip had no embarrassment about his life now his main dread is: I was haunted by the fear that she would sooner or later, find me out, with a black face and hands doing the coarsest part of my work and would exult over me and despise me. This shows Pips total humiliation, he only desires to be seen as good in Estellas eyes.  A main change in Pip is that he no longer desires to stay at the house, and also work in the forge. Because Joe was faithful, that I never ran away. Showing deep down he wants to escape and have the chance of a better life. Pip would also like to be so much more, restless, aspiring, discontented me, showing he wants to be something he isnt. .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 , .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .postImageUrl , .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 , .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2:hover , .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2:visited , .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2:active { border:0!important; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2:active , .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2 .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4928c3e640e08b93544a5612ba5fdb2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Othello And His Tragic Flaw EssayPips change in character has bought forward a new admiration in him, I want to be a gentlemen. This means that he wants to learn manners and how to treat a lady. This is because he wants to impress and please Estella, and also for people to look up to him, however Pip only sees a gentlemen from the outside. Pip is inpatient, he wants to become a gentlemen instantly, I am disgusted with my calling. He is using much more refined language, to illustrate his future. Pips wishes for the future are shown with: Make the most of every chance, he wishes he could have just one chance to become a gentlemen. Pip is confused as to whether he wants to become a gentlemen to spite or to gain Estela over, and I want to be a gentlemen on her account. Illustrating his state of confusion regarding his future.  When Pip is informed about his great expectations, we see him as ecstatic, my heart was beating so fast, and there was such a singing in my ears, that I could scarcely stammer I had no objection. Showing his distinct pleasure toward his goof fortune.  We still see signs of Pips vivid imagination as we noted, at the beginning , I was lost in the mazes of my future fortunes, and could not retrace the bypaths we had trodden together. This shows Pips confusion as to how his great fortunes came upon him. Pip takes note of the others reactions, there was a certain touch of sadness in their congratulations, that I rather resented. Pip fails to empathise with their sadness, he takes it personally, this is a sign of his new found hierarchy. Pip still however considers Joe to be good natured, O dear good Joe, whom I was so ready to leave and so unthankful to. Showing the change within him that, by saying this he considers himself more important than Joe. We feel the change in Pip has been represented as him becoming selfish, he now considers himself superior to everyone. Thats just what I dont want Joe. They would make such a business of it- such a coarse and common business, that I couldnt bear myself. Dickens choice of the words coarse and common, are in two ways ironic. Firstly he feels the very people who he went to for his education, are now below him. Also these words are the words Estella scornfully tormented him with. Pip doesnt think after his great expectations, he will be able to go back to his old ways. It was an uneasy bed now, and I never slept the old sound sleep in it anymore. Dickens repeatedly shows Pips reflection from the future to the past. He also continuously shows Pips reflection towards his present situation, feeling it very sorrowful and strange that the first night of my bright fortunes, should be the loneliest I had ever known. Pip sees his new fortunes as not starting very positive for him. Pips attitude towards leaving for London, when he awakes is prosperous, I was for London and greatness. Dickens uses the word greatness, to derive Pips views of his future success. Although Pip is sure of his greatness, he still finds it hard to leave Joe,  I broke into tears, screening his true feelings. Pip feels proud, he wants to be seen as mature and strong, I had told Joe that I wished to walk away alone. This shows his pride, and perhaps stubbornness. This is an example of a drastic change within him. However he still recognises Joes goodness, appreciative of the society of Joe. Pips thoughts and feelings are greatly contrasting, get down and walk back, in comparison with, I went on. The quotes show, how Pip feels he should go back to Joe, yet he is torn by his future prospects, the world lay spread before me. These contrasting thoughts of Pips represent a great change within him. Before his great expectations, he never had the need for such contrasting thoughts, as his life was simple and easy, now many decisions will have to be made by himself.  Dickens wrote the last part of Pips departure with great heist, we changed again and yet again. Representing Pips continuous journey towards his new world of: greatness and wealth. .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 , .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .postImageUrl , .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 , .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6:hover , .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6:visited , .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6:active { border:0!important; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6:active , .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6 .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u220d19a6b268fe6f2458400aa252c2b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What are our expectations for the play to come? EssayWithin chapter 27, we are given our most blatant insight into the character change of Pip.  As he reads the letter from Biddy, he finds out Joe is soon to be arriving in London: his old friend, companion and confidant. Joe distinctively asks Biddy to write, what larks in her letter addressed to Pip. However even with this reminiscence of past times, Pip feels aggrieved that Joe is coming to see him. Not with pleasure, showing pips change, now hes in London. He now longer considers spending time with Joe. With considerable disturbance, hes worried about the visit of Joe. Pips horrified at the thought of Joe coming to se e him, mortification, showing his true feelings of distress at the thought of the future visit.

Tennis Essay Example For Students

Tennis Essay It was my last year at San Fernando high. It was a memorable time of my lifebecause I knew that I would graduate at the end of that year. My senior yearalso became the most significant year of my life, because I got to do somethingthat I have always wanted to try tennis. I had always wanted to play tennis eversince I was a kid, but there wasnt enough time for me to join tennis team. Oneday, Mr. Cockerill who was my teacher and also the tennis coach, encouraged meto join the team. I thought it might be the only chance for me to get involved,and decided to join the team. Mr. Cockerill was assigned to be our coach. He isa tall, strong old man with a red face. I loved to listen of what he said,because I felt he was giving me a valuable lesson especially during practicehours that he thought it could be use for the game. My first lesson was not thatgreat. I had to pick up the balls most of the time. I was unable to hold firmlya tennis rackets grip. I practiced very hard almost every day af ter schoolincluded the weekends. There were few times I wanted to quit the challenges, butmy friends had given back my courage. These friends of mine had started playingtennis two years before I came in to join the team. Their skills were so muchimproved compared to me. They were willing to stay and practice with me. I wasalso happy that my oldest brother, an excellent singles player helped me out atthe start. At home I often admire his awards and whispered to myself that;I would never get one like this all my life. It is impossible for me to bean athlete. In the beginning, I knew that I wasnt a good player, but itdidnt stop me from joining the team. However my father was worried that if Icame home so late at night, I wouldnt have enough time to study for otherclasses. He didnt allow me to be involved in this kind of activity. I wanted tobeg my dad to let me continue, but we didnt have a good communication with eachother. I felt either very guilty for not joining the team or for goi ng againstmy dads will. He would disown me if I didnt listen to him. I felt I was pushedto the edge of a cliff. His attitude had emotionally hurt when I personallyheard it of what he had treated me. I couldnt stop crying for days. My tearsjust ceaselessly drooped. My coach worried why I didnt look so well in class. We will write a custom essay on Tennis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He asked few times, but I couldnt find a way to start explaining the wholesituation. I really wanted to resolve this problem as soon as possible. It wasmy dream to be in tennis team, and Mr. Cockerill was the only person who cantalk to my dad. Finally, he actually did let me join the team. In the end, Irealized that how difficult it was for me to be on the tennis team. I shouldplay my best in order to please my dad, my coach, my friends, and for SanFernando high. During the first tournament, I was very nervous and excited atthe same time. It was my first competition; I couldnt hold my racket still. Myentire body was shaking, but luckily no one noticed that. Mr. Cockerill gatheredus in class and explained what the strategies would be and how we should play. He also reminded us to have a positive attitude even if we lost the game. At theend of the game I lost to my opponent with a scoring 3-8. I felt very happy thatat least I had made some effort for my score, and I took me few weeks topractice. Mr. Cockerill was very kind and so understanding. He didnt only slowanything about the lost, but he also took well care of us with cookies, fruitsand drinks. I had followed his teaching, as long as you all do your best,I am very please, and I ask no more than that. I kept it as anencouragement. My time was devoted to this game at least one or two hourseveryday. Mr. Cockerill was very satisfied because I would never complain aboutthe practice section and I always gave smile at him. I practically never won thegame myself, although I had learned to improve my skill from those experts whohad been playing for years. I didnt feel that bad because it took me a fewmonths to be Varsity. I didnt win any game, but I could tell myself each time Ihad to play that, I have done my best. Once, during a game, Itwisted my ankle when I served the ball. I said nothing to my coach, because Iwas afraid to let him down nor I wanted him to be worried. They didnt realizehow hurt I was at that day. I had to pretend to smile at my team. I was veryqueer; I had to endure that physically pain till the last second. It took me fewdays to recover my ankle. That was also the last game that I played for SanFernando high. The last day of a semester, Mr. Cockerill invited all of membersin the team to the banquet. There most of my team members had received theiraward letters and trophies. At last, the final trophy was given as aninspiration to Kim-Anh Le, he yelled out loud. It is forme? I was so surprise and looked around the room to see if he was kiddingme. I was speechless at that moment. As I walked up to the stage to receive theaward, I heard all the clapping hands toward me. Mr.Cockerill gave me a hug andwhisper in my ear, you deserve it, honey. I am very proud of you.This beautiful day has always been there ever since I graduated. It was such abest memory that I had treasured in my heart. It couldnt describe how myfeeling was at the banquet, but Mr. Cockerill had adhered to my mind, he wasalways there for me to look up to. All I really wanted to say is thanks toMr. Cockerill for giving me a best lesson that I have ever had. 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